Slavery Effects on North America - 3953 Words

Slaveries effects on North America Slavery was present in the United States from the moment the declaration of independence was signed. It s presence during this critical time period of development in the United States, from the day the United States was founded and beforehand allowed for it to interweave itself in almost all aspects of America; primarily economically, politically, and socially. Slavery impacted America in numerous ways, from the political balancing act of free and slave states, to the growth of the southern slave centered economy, slaveries presence during americas infancy was extremely influencing. Slavery was first introduced to english north america in Jamestown, Virginia 1619. A dutch slave trader made port and†¦show more content†¦It stated â€Å"There shall never be any bond slavery, villeinage, or captivity amongst us unless it be lawful captives taken in just wars, and such strangers as willingly sell themselves or are sold to us...†[2] Before long many other colonies followed suit, including Virginia. Virginia created much new legislation regarding slavery and set the precedent for future slave codes. They legally acknowledged slavery in the 1661 fugitive slave act.[3] On december 12, 1662 they created a law stating, â€Å"Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a Negro woman should be slave or free...all children born in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother...†,[4] meaning that slave masters who raped their female slaves would come away scot free of any prob lems. The child would live on the plantation as a slave. In 1705 the virginia assembly finalized the transformation to african slavery by passing the slave laws that stated All servants imported and brought into the Country...who were not Christians in their native Country...shall be accounted and be slaves.†[5] It also stated that if slaves rebelled or did not follow orders, their master could punish them however he pleased. A master could even kill the slave and receive no punishment. This was thought to be acceptable for two reasons. First, slaves did not have any moneyShow MoreRelatedEssay on The History of Slavery570 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery has a lot of effects on African Americans today. History of slavery is marked for civil rights. Indeed, slavery began with civilization. With farming’s development, war could be taken as slavery. Slavery that lives in Western go back 10,000 years to Mesopotamia. Today, most of them move to Iraq, where a male slave had to focus on cultivation. Female slaves were as sexual servi ces for white people also their masters at that time, having freedom only when their masters died. In SouthRead MoreThe Secession Crisis Of 1860-18611637 Words   |  7 Pagesimpacts on the United States that lead up to the secession crisis of 1860-1861. Slavery had great impacts on the country, such as the economic effect of the South overestimating its importance due to the prevalence of slave grown cotton. Westward expansion had the social effect of the citizens of territories wanting statehood to get into arguments and civil wars due to popular sovereignty. States rights had the political effect of the southern states believing that since they agreed to become part of theRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1605 Words   |  7 Pagesseries of dominant events. However, a War of this size has many effects to go along with it. The most common effect thought of is the freedom of slaves, however, the Civil War was not just a war fought for freedom. One major cause of the Civil War was the issue of slavery in America. While the North had gotten rid of slavery within the first few years of our nation, the South was still economically dependant on the cheap labor. The North had machines, immigrants, and booming businesses while the SouthRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1707 Words   |  7 Pagesas the textile industry in the North grew. Slavery was vital to the economic well-being of the South, and when the North began to question the â€Å"peculiar institution† of the South the wall of civility between the two sectionalized areas began to crumble. Due to the growing issue of slavery in the 1850s, the United States of America was in a state of total disarray and turmoil. The tension that had always existed between the North and South over the matter of slavery was no longer ignorable. As theRead MoreCivil War : A War Between Citizens Of The Same Country1609 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens of the same country. Why would America have this fight? The Northern states of America decided that they would no longer tolerate the Southern states treating African Americans as slaves because of the color of their skin. When disputes were brought up over this issue between the North and South, the South was too persistent to have slaves. They worried that the North would be successful in abolishing slavery, so in result, the South went against the North. There were many elements that the CivilRead MoreThe Between North And South1641 Words   |  7 PagesDuring 1790 and 1850, the United States was rapidly changing. The country was learning to live on its own, apart from England with its own economy, laws, and government. Not long after it declared independence that a rift between North and South began to start. The North believed in the Puritan Merchant role model, and the South in the role model of the English Country Squire. The difference in point of views soon caused the United States to start to split a part before eventually completely separatingRead MoreThe Transition from the Colonial Era to the Revolutionary War671 Words   |  3 Pagesnineteenth centuries. Before these individuals became slaves, there were indentured servants. Between the colonial era and Revolutionary War many changes in the practice of labor were made. Expansion of slavery throughout America brought about different conditions of slave life and Paternalism. Slavery in America was very different before and after the year 1790; these changes greatly affected the conditions in which these individuals lived and are worth analyzing. The transition from colonial era to RevolutionaryRead MoreThe Slave Of The North And South947 Words   |  4 Pagesclass families, particularly those of New England Stock. They viewed slavery as a national sin; quoted from the book, â€Å"an evil that mocked American ideals of liberty and Christian morality.† Reformers who were antislavery of the North and South created the American colonization society, the removal of freed blacks to Africa. Henry Clay, James Madison, and President James Monroe lead the organization. Their goals were to make America free and all white. Even though the American Colonization Society hadRead MoreAfrican Slave Trade1029 Words   |  5 PagesThese are three facts the source lists to prove that Africanization of slavery in the Americas was not inevitable. B: Source D is portraying the effect of Atlantic slave trade on Africa, Europe and only North America. The cartoon depicts a pile of gold stacked on the continent of Europe and North America, and African is shown to be dug up completely. The message this cartoon portrays is that Atlantic slave trade helped North America and Europe to become rich, and caused complete exhaustion of all theRead MoreA Brief Note On Civil War And Its Effects On The United States1602 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens of the same country. Why would America have this fight? The Northern states of America decided that they would no longer tolerate the Southern states treating African Americans as slaves because of the color of their skin. When disputes were brought up over this issue between the North and South, the South was too persistent to have slaves. They worried that the North would be successful in abolishing slavery, so in result, the South went against the North. There were many elements that the Civil

Differences And Differences Between Social Comfort,...

Disagreement contains both – Strongly disagree and disagree Agreement contains both – Strongly agree and agree The outcomes of the questions put forth in the survey have been broadly categorized into four key areas – academic output, social comfort, counterproductive behaviors and overall productivity. These are then analyzed accordingly. The results of the category – academic outcomes – primarily focuses on the core collective objective for which the group was formed. Social comfort focuses on the comfort in communication of ideas and thoughts and overall psychological comfort experienced by participants in a group setting. The section on counter-productive behaviors refers to the negative energy generated during group interactions that eventually impacts the group members and the group as a whole. Lastly, the outcome of the productivity group focuses on the effects on the overall effectiveness of the group towards achieving the final deliverable of the project. The nature of overall responses to questions focusing on the academic outcomes have generally been positively inclined. 86% of the students surveyed felt that working in groups helped them gain perspective on a subject due to interaction with people from diverse backgrounds. Further, 75% of the participants in the survey felt that they added value to the group outcomes in area they are good at leading to an enhanced academic experience. The segment on social comfort further supports the proposition that groupShow MoreRelatedDifferent Type of Budgeting Technique6663 Words   |  27 Pagesallows you to see change very quickly when you implement a new policy or budget.   * Avoid conflict--Companies with many different departments often run into conflict between departments because of their different budgets. With this method of budgeting, it is easier to keep everyone on the same page and avoid conflicts between departments. * The model operates under a stable and predictable system and any change will be gradual. * Managers can operate their departments on a consistent basisRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreOrganisational Behavioure23151 Words   |  93 Pagestime, can reduce employee performance. But this doesn’t change the fact that employees bring their emotional sides with them to work every day and that no study of OB could be comprehensive without considering the role of emotions in workplace behavior. What Are Emotions and Moods? Although we don’t want to obsess over definitions, before we can proceed with our analysis, we need to clarify three terms that are closely intertwined: affect, emotions, and moods. Affect is a generic term thatRead MoreSelf Service28523 Words   |  115 Pagesthe increasing demand for self-checkout in retail stores. Market research studies quote figures in the order of 80%-90% of customers who would change to another retailer for shorter checkout queues (Romsey, 1992). Typically, retailers are saving between 120 hours to 180 hours a week in front-end labor. These numbers are dependent on how efficient the retailer was in the first place, but retailers will also see a decrease in training and employee turnover due to the decrease in necessary manpowerRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in or der to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pages3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities. But when DonaldRead MoreItsc 2439 Ch1-12 Study Guides Essay28023 Words   |  113 Pagescomputers was to replace as much manual processing of business information as possible with automated processing. 4. Among the reasons for the growth in decentralized computing was the availability of inexpensive personal computer hardware and productivity software. 5. The applications development backlog was due to the inability of computer professionals to design and write programs fast enough to keep up with the demand for new applications. 6. All knowledge workers are computer professionals .Read MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesHALLMARK and HUMAN ENERGY are trademarks of Chevron Corporation  ©2006 Chevron Corporation A l rights reserved APRIL 2007 Features 58 What Your Leader Expects of You Larry Bossidy A longtime CEO reveals the behaviors that leaders should look for in their subordinates – behaviors that drive individual as well as corporate performance and growth – and what those subordinates should expect in return. 58 66 Finding Your Next Core Business Chris Zook It may be hidden right under your noseRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesthe value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis: aims and methods An illustration of segmental analysis An alternative approach to segmental analysis Customer profitability analysis Marketing experimentation The nature of productivity The use of ratios Analysing ratios and trends Ratios and interfirm comparison Read MoreInformation Technology Implementation Issues: an Analysis45771 Words   |  184 Pagestime.† 2 The research of Kraemer, Danziger, and King in the late 70s and early 80s details some of the concerns with regard to this lag. Their research indicated that local governments, in general, experienced approximately ten years of lag time between the introduction of a new IT and it’s acceptance and routinization across a significant population of localities. And even then it appeared that only the local governments who were on the leading edge of innovation (generally the largest and wealthiest)

An in-depth view on Alcohol Free Essays

Abstraction This research survey will look into and analyse farther on how intoxicant in gargles is involved in the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease and will reexamine some related literature which has linked the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease and alcohol-containing gargles. This survey purpose to bring forth relevant informations, proper intercessions and proposal to modulate the production of these merchandises depending on the analysis and consequence. The Dental Association claims that a nexus between intoxicant incorporating gargles and malignant neoplastic disease development has been established and concluded that there is a possible nexus with multiple long term utilizations of intoxicant incorporating gargles but more research and survey is required before this can be decidedly said to be. We will write a custom essay sample on An in-depth view on Alcohol or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus this survey will function as an instrument to clear up the relationship of malignant neoplastic disease development and intoxicant containing gargles. The mark of this survey are the commercialised intoxicant incorporating gargles that will be subjected to sensitive survey and analysis utilizing the proper engineering and chemical science to get in a more complex and choice research merchandise. Introduction: Datas based from epidemiological surveies provide small background and penetration on how intoxicant increases the possibility or hazard for the development of assorted malignant neoplastic diseases. In some malignant neoplastic diseases, intoxicant is believed to play a critical causal function. For others a malignant neoplastic disease, such as chest and liver malignant neoplastic diseases, alcohol believed to play an indirect causal function by mechanisms sweetening that causes malignant neoplastic disease. Researches analyzing at these mechanisms through direct and indirect causal consequence may cast visible radiation on function of intoxicant in the development of malignant neoplastic diseases. Carcinogenic consequence of intoxicant is now linked in the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Chiefly this alcohols thought to be found in gargle which is intoxicant based. This phenomenon may be explained by its interaction with enzymes. These assorted enzymes that usually assist our organic structure to detoxicate the substances that enter our systems can besides increase the hazard of toxicity degree in some carcinogens. The Problem This survey will seek reply and clear up the effects of intoxicant based gargle and its contributory factor for the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. Specifically, reply the inquiry â€Å"Is there a important consequence of utilizing intoxicant based gargle in the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease? † Background of the Problem The job statement of this research is indispensable to clear up the old surveies and other contradictions about the topic of involvement. Through this survey, issues refering the consequence of ethanal incorporating gargles will be clarify and will bring forth relevant information in the development of medical intercession specially oncological scientific discipline. There are research surveies that have been established the relationship between intoxicant usage and malignant neoplastic disease. This hazard is due to alcohol constituent depending on the sort of malignant neoplastic disease. The strongest associations between malignant neoplastic disease intoxicant utilizations are with oral cavity, esophageal, laryngeal, chest, guttural, and liver malignant neoplastic diseases. A survey conducted by Dental Professor Laurence Walsh, MD, the caput of the University of Queensland ‘s School of Dentistry, says that there are a figure of grounds why some gargles would really cut down the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease development because their primary mechanism will impairs the molecules production like ethanal that which is considered as a carcinogenesis. Dr. Walsh assumes that there is grounds and literature which has support from local and international research organisations that alcohol incorporating gargles used to cut down bacteriums which produce ethanals are non linked to malignant neoplastic disease. Contrary to the survey conducted by Dr. Walsh, ethanal, harmonizing to Dr. McCullough have is a toxic byproduct of intoxicant and suspected to be carcinogenic that will lend to unwritten malignant neoplastic disease development. He besides said that these by merchandises may remain and may be accumulate in the oropharyngeal pit when these alcohol incorporating gargles is being used and he says that there is no grounds demoing the these chemical component or molecule could either prevent or stamp down the development of malignant neoplastic disease. Experts on malignant neoplastic disease development recommends that there may be increased on the possible hazard in utilizing gargles incorporating intoxicant and recommends to be more cautious against the usage of these strong alcohol-based oral cavity rinse particularly among coffin nails tobacco users to cover up the odor of coffin nail fume – they say more surveies and researches is required into such merchandises to set up the facts. In responses to the old surveies and researches, this research proposal will seek to garner the most accurate and recent informations to carry through the necessary factor in set uping facts related to alcoholic based gargle and the malignant neoplastic disease development. Review of Related Literature: Researches is begins to concentrate their surveies on the mechanisms by which intoxicant induces or potentates the development of malignant neoplastic diseases in human and, hence, develop intercession on how to forestall it. Scientists are besides making researches to find the impact of these merchandises in the phases of malignant neoplastic disease development ( Rothman,1999 ) . Surveies: Some initial surveies show that intoxicant may impact development of malignant neoplastic disease, at the degree of familial by transforming genes mannerism in the publicity and induction phases of malignant neoplastic disease. It has already been suggested that, a merchandise of intoxicant metamorphosis which is acetaldehyde alters cell ‘s natural ability to retrace or mend its DNA that consequences in a greater likeliness that cause mutants induction in the development of malignant neoplastic disease ( Espina, et Al, 1988 ) . It has late been suggested that intoxicant exposure may ensue in over look of certain transforming genes in human cells and, thereby, trigger malignant neoplastic disease publicity ( Kharbanda, et Al, 1993 ) Although there is less grounds that intoxicant itself is a carcinogen, which will be the chief focal point of this survey, by sweetening of the carcinogenic effects of other substances and chemicals, intoxicant may move as cocarcinogen. Some surveies indicate for case that intoxicant enhances ability of baccy to additions and stimulate formation of tumour in rats ( Garro, et Al, 1990 ) . â€Å"In worlds, the hazard for oral cavity, esophageal and tracheal malignant neoplastic disease is 35 times greater for persons who smoke and drink at the same clip than for people who neither fume nor drink, this imply the of import interaction of cocarcenogenesis between intoxicant and tobacco-related carcinogens† ( Blot, et al,1988 ) . Acetaldehyde is one of the by merchandise of intoxicant. This chemical compound anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on experimental done on animate beings suggests sufficient grounds of carcinogenicity ( IARC 1985, 1987, 1999 ) . When this compound was administered by inspiration, this will increased the incidence of glandular cancer and squamous and epithelial cell carcinomas in the rhinal mucous membrane in mice of both sexes. The same determination was concluded in laryngeal carcinomas in hamsters of both sexes. In another survey utilizing inspiration, in a lower degree of exposure and in survey utilizing intratracheal instillment, there is no increased incidence of tumours in soecimens was observed. A research conducted in an aldehyde works reported nine instances of malignant neoplastic disease, including two instances of carcinomas of the unwritten pit and ?ve instances of bronchial tumours. This research survey was considered to be rating unequal because of assorted exposure, the little figure of instances, and the hapless population specifying. Among these instances, three surveies utilizing instance control investigated the hazard of unwritten, pharynx, and esophageal malignant neoplastic diseases following heavy intoxicants intake. â€Å"These surveies systematically showed an increased hazard of this malignant neoplastic disease in persons with familial polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the metamorphosis of ethanal ; these polymorphisms were associated with higher blood concentration of ethanal following intoxicant intake† ( IARC 1985, 1987, 1999 ) . Research Design Epidemiologic and experimental research method will be the suggested research design which may include cohort and case-control surveies. Cohort surveies can be either prospective or historical ( Breslow and Day, 1980 ) .The medical history of a cohort of topics is built in the historical cohort survey to see the specifying cohort of those who were exposed to a hazard factor. The incidence rate of those persons who exhibit the manifestations or disease among capable who had been exposed is compared with the incidence rate of manifestations or disease among an group which is non exposed. In this survey, the footing of comparing is population rate. In the simplest type of this survey design two groups ( cohorts ) of topics would be identified, one of which will be exposed to a specific intercession related to the survey, an wellness hazard factor, and the other group will non. The rate at which individuals without the disease ( known as noncases ) are transformed into individuals with the disease ( designated as instances ) is referred to as incidence rate. These two groups of people will be followed over a specific period of clip. One group will be exposed to a hazard factor and the other group will non. â€Å"The exposure of the individual over clip, called individual clip, is measured uniformly in hours, yearss, months or old ages from the clip of the beginning of the exposure to the end point of the exposure under study† ( Breslow, N. E. A ; Day ) .The measuring of the individual clip per group is by the amount of the exposure times for every members in the group. In incidence rate surveies, the proportion of instances per cumulative person-time, for those in the open group, is compared to that in the unexposed group ( Breslow, N. E. A ; Day ) . The magnitude of the comparative hazard indicates the strength of the relationship between incidence and exposure. A comparative hazard of integrity indicates that there is no common difference between the incidence hazards from the group exposed than that from the group being. Statistical intervention and other method of analysis will be discussed in the existent presentation to incorporate all the constructs and thoughts applied in this research survey. Expected Consequences The consequence of this survey will be subjected to statistical analysis based on epidemiological surveies to make critical consciousness and systematic apprehension of the topic being studied. The information and analysis will help the research workers in doing generalisations, supporting averments, and analyzing possible result options to build a plausible statement. The research worker will anticipate more accurate consequence with valid and believable informations to develop theoretical apprehension in the development of intercession and betterment medical pattern in oncology and familial biological science Mentions Blot, W.J. ; McLaughlin, J.K. ; Winn, D.M. ; Austin, D.F. ; Greenberg, R.S. ; Preston-Martin, S. ; Bernstein, L. ; Schoenberg, J.B. ; Stemhagen, A. ; and Fraumeni, J.F.Smoke and imbibing in relation to unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer Research48 ( 11 ) :3282-3287, 1988. Breslow, N. E. A ; Day, N.E. ( 1980 ) . Statistical Methods in Cancer Research: Vol 1-The Analysis of Case-Control Studies, International Agency for Research on Cancer:Lyon, pp. 1-40, 73-78, 84-115, 122-157, 280-289, 349-351. Breslow, N. E. A ; Day, N.E. ( 1987 ) . Statistical Methods in Cancer Research: Vol II-The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, pp.21, 65, 108-109, 336-344, 363-365. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. E8 General Considerations for Clinical Trials.Federal Registervol. 62, no. 242, 12/17/1997, 6613-6619. Espina, N. ; Lima, V. ; Lieber, C.S. ; and Garro, A.J. In vitro and in vivo repressive consequence of ethyl alcohol and ethanal on 06methylguanine transferase.Carcinogenesis9 ( 5 ) :761-766, 1988. Garro, A.J. , and Lieber, C.S. Alcohol and malignant neoplastic disease.Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 30:219-249, 1990. IARC. 1985. Allyl Compounds, Aldehydes, Epoxides, and Peroxides. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, vol. 36. Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer. 369 pp. IARC. 1987. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Supplement 7. Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer. 440 pp. IARC. 1999. Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine, and Hydrogen Peroxide. IARC Kharbanda, S. ; Nakamura, T. ; and Kufe, D. Induction of the c-jun proto-oncogene by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism during exposure of human cuticular keratinocytes to ethanol.Biochemical Pharmacology45 ( 3 ) :675-681, 1993. McCullough, M. D. ( 2007 ) Australian Dental Journal.Oral Medicine, Rothman, K.J. The proportion of malignant neoplastic disease attributable to alcohol ingestion.Preventive Medicine9 ( 2 ) :174-179, 1999. How to cite An in-depth view on Alcohol, Essay examples

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Answer: Introduction Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an infection caused by a human bacterial microorganism called Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). According to Bogestam et al (2018), S.aureus is responsible for various infections in humans such as bullous impetigo, folliculitis, boils, cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, post-surgical wound infection as well as intravascular line infections. The author further adds that S.aureus can also lead to deadly infections such as meningitis, septicemia and endocarditis. The main aim of this essay is to analyze MRSA by identifying its risk factors and evaluating its prevalence in Australia. With specific reference to Mrs. Jenkins, a patient admitted with MRSA, the paper will first identify the incidence and prevalence of MRSA in Australia. Secondly, there will be an examination of Mrs. Jenkins diagnosis and the relationship between her infection and other factors such as hand hygiene, transmitted-based precautions, and standard pre cautions. Lastly, the paper will examine the role of both community registered nurse and occupational therapist in relation to Mrs. Jenkins case. The identification of incidence and prevalence of MRSA in Australia has largely been the responsibility of the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR), an organization that has been monitoring the prevalence of MRSA in Australia since 1985 (Wang et al 2018). According to the author, there exist two main types of MRSA namely the hospital-acquired MRSA and the community-acquired MRSA. Community-based MRSA (CA-MRSA) are MRSA infections acquired by individuals who have not had a recent hospital and may not have undergone any clinical procedure such as catheter, dialysis or surgery. CA-MRSA is mostly manifested in the form of boils, pimples and skin infections that may otherwise occur in healthy individuals (Askura et al 2018). On the other hand, according to Hongo et al (2018), hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) occur among individuals who might have been in the hospital in the recent past for clinical procedures such as surgery, catheter or dialysis. They mainly occur where pa tients undergo invasive medical procedures or where patients have low immune systems and are mainly transmitted when a physician touches an HA-MRSA carrier and fails to wash their hands (Heckel et al 2017). Research has it that the hospital-acquired MRSA in Australia (Aus-2/3) is associated with most MRSA infections and originated from Australia after becoming established in most Melbourne Teaching hospitals in the 1970s. According to Kuonza et al (2017), the first survey done by AGAR in 1985 revealed that Aus-2/3 was responsible for 25% of all S.aureus infection in most big hospitals in Sidney, Canberra, Eastern Seaboard, and Melbourne. These revelations called for intensive efforts by the Australian Department of Health to reduce the prevalence and address the possible risk factors. A recent study by AGRA indicate that the Aus-2/3 may be existing in two types of clones, a phenomenon suspected to have been the cause of an increase in the prevalence of MRSA in the period of 2001 and 2005 especially within New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria (Becker et al 2018). However, studies by Guimaraes et al (2017) indicate a decline in Aus-2/3 prevalence in the year 2009 and the decline is estimated to have continued at a rapid rate since then. Nonetheless, Sorensen et al (2017), Naidu et al (2017) and Herrera et al (2016) acknowledge that Aus-2/3 has largely contributed to various community-onset infections especially among patients with a history of admission into facilities characterized by its prevalence. As illustrated by Sato et al (2017) in figure1 below, the decline in the prevalence of Aus-2/3 has largely been attributed to an improvement in infection control within Australian hospitals, an introduction of The National Hygiene Program in 2008, and the implementation of policies that demand public reporting of MRSA infection trends in Australia. Sato et al (2017) also note that the decline in the prevalence of Aus-2/3 has largely been boosted by the implementation of National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards which mainly advocates for preventing and controlling infections associated with healthcare. Naro et al (2018) believe that CA-MRSA had its first onset in Australia in 1980s and has since increased in prevalence to exceed the prevalence of HA-RMSA in Australia. In fact, according to the author, CA-MRSA is largely believed to have rivaled HA-MRSA as the cause of hospital-onset infection in Australia. Part of the reason for their high prevalence is its high resistance to antibiotics and it is estimated that this resistant is likely to increase over time (Ghaznavi-Rad et al 2018). Blanco et al (2017) claim that CA-RMSA was first noted in Australia in 1985 and became more prevalent in Kimberley region in 1989. By 2004, a number of CA-RMSA clones are believed to have gained much prevalence in Western Australia. Fast forward to 2014, CA-RMSA is believed to have accounted for 45% of all hospital-onset infections as compared to HA-MRSA which was at 48% (Sato et al 2017). The following figure (figure 2) illustrates AGRAs survey of CA-MRSA prevalence between 2001 and 2014: In the case of Mrs. Jenkins, her MRSA infection could be a HA-MRSA because she has a history of sustaining an injury and was admitted in the hospital where her wound was dressed and cleaned before discharge. He has now been readmitted again and the doctor has diagnosed her with MRSA. According to Carfora et al (2016), HA-MRSA usually occurs on patients who have recently had a hospital admission and therefore it is highly likely that Mrs. Jenkins earlier admission might have exposed her to HA-MRSA. Because both HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA occur in different settings, Mrs. Jenkins might have been exposed to HA-MRSA as a result of three main factors namely: Being hospitalized Undergoing an invasive medical procedure, and Longer residence in the hospital. Being hospitalized is a great risk factor for HA-MRSA because a hospitalized patient is highly exposed to carriers of MRSA bacteria (Wang et al 2018). In the case of Jenkins, the physician might have touched his wound during dressing with gloves which may have earlier been used to handle a HA-MRSA carrier patient. Likewise, the hospital might not have been at a good hygienic condition when Jenkins was fist admitted in the hospital. This is because according to Bogestam et al (2018), MRSA bacteria spread rapidly in hospitals that have poor hygiene practices. Jenkins could have also been exposed to HA-MRSA as a result of getting into contact with invasive medical devices especially if the physician used them during wound dressing. According to Hongo et al (2018), invasive medical materials such as scissors, catheters, and surgical knives provide a pathway for HA-MRSA to invade the patients body. The hospital bedding could have also been a risk factor for Jenkins to contact HA-MRSA if a t all she lay on some that were not properly washed or sanitized. According to Heckel et al (2017), HA-MRSA bacteria tend to reside on unclean or poorly kept hospital linen such as bed sheets or blankets. Other risk factors for RMSA include keeping wounds uncovered, using other peoples personal items such as razors, towels, clothing and sheets, keeping unclean hands especially after touching other peoples personal objects, and lack of protective gadgets such as gloves in hospital settings. While some of these risk factors may not relate to Jenkins case, being aware of them minimizes the likeliness of getting MRSA (Askura et al 2018). Hand hygiene and HA-MRSA Nearly a decade ago, Ignaz Semmelweis discovered a relationship between health workers hand hygiene and infections to patients. Indeed, several years after his death, a slew of evidence (Kuonza et al 2017; Becker et al 2018; and Bogestam et al 2018) are still emerging to show that there is an association between healthcare-associated infections and health workers hand hygiene. As a result, scholars have proposed improved hand hygiene as a major prevention remedy for HA-MRSA. In fact, while there is still no consensus among scholars over the best control mechanism for HA-MRSA, a majority of them (e.g. Heckel et al 2017, Kuonza et al 2017, Becker et al 2018 and Bogestam et al 2018) agree that keeping hand hygiene is a cornerstone remedy. For instance, Pittet et al (2009) launched a quasi-experimental study to investigate the effects of maintained hand hygiene on the infection rates of HA-MRSA. The intervention included an increased access to alcohol hand scrubs and visual hand washing reminders. Feedback from the hospital staff indicated an increase in hand washing compliance by 18% with a reported decrease in HA-MRSA episodes in the hospital by 0.5 incidences per 10000 patient-days. This and other studies (Hongo et al 2018, Heckel et al 2017 and Sorensen et al 2017) reveal that keeping high-level hand hygiene by washing hands with antibiotic soaps after touching body fluids, secretions, excretions, blood or contaminated items reduce the chances of Jenkins contracting HA-MRSA. Kuonza et al (2017) also recommend that when hands (with gloves or not) are visibly soiled with body fluids or blood when handling the same patient, physicians should wash them with clean water and soap to prevent cross-contamination of the patients different body parts. Apart from hand hygiene, the other standard precaution required to be maintained to prevent HA-MRSA include gloving, eye, mouth and nose protection, gowning and proper laundry handling. According to Hongo et al (2018), wearing non-sterile and clean gloves when a physician is likely to handle blood or other infectious fluids such as non-intact skin (e.g. Jenkins wound), mucus, or contaminated intact skin is extremely important. The gloves should also be carefully removed after handling the patient to prevent hand contamination. While handling mucous membrane, the physician should wear protective gear such as masks, face shields, goggles, or a combination of both; on the nose, eyes, mouth, and ears to avoid contact with splashed blood or infectious fluids (Wang et al 2018). According to Bogestam et al (2018), it is also a standard precaution to wear gowns to protect the physicians skin from contamination and to ensure that the physicians clothes are not contaminated by body fluids or s ecretions. After dressing Jenkins wound, it was necessary to transport or handle his bedding/linen carefully to avoid contamination of air or the nearby surfaces (Askura et al 2018). Transmitted-Based Precautions Transmitted-base precautions for HA-MRSA are categorized into droplet, airborne and contact precautions. According to Kuonza et al (2017), contact-based precautions are normally meant to prevent the transmission of HA-MRSA through direct or indirect contact with a carrier and may include placing patients diagnosed with HA-MRSA in private rooms or together with other patients with similar diagnosis. It also involves keeping the patients quarantined in their respective rooms unless they are to be moved for a medical procedure (Wang et al 2018). According to Hongo et al (2018), other contact-based precautions include wearing gloves before handling the diagnosed patient and observing all the other standard precautions related to HA-MRSA. Droplet precautions are meant to prevent transmission from infectious agents that can drop from the patient through sneezing or coughing. According to Bogestam et al (2018), they include keeping the patient in surgical masks when out of the room, keeping them in private rooms unless they are to be moved for a medical procedure, keeping patient care items such as pressure cuffs dedicated to the patients only, and teaching the patients to cover their nose when sneezing or coughing. Being an old-age patient, these precautions should be implemented with care to ensure that she does not perceive her isolation as a disregard to her health situation or age (Sorensen et al 2017). It is also important to explain to Jenkins the importance of each procedure to gain her best cooperation. Hongo et al (2018) write that a community registered nurses major role is to attend to patients receiving health care services outside the hospital setting. In the case of Jenkins, a community registered nurse would help meet her health needs in respect to her old age situation especially owing to the fact that she is highly prone to forgetting to take her prescribed medication, and maintain the required hygiene for the wound to heal faster. Typically, the nurse would be responsible for cleaning and dress Jenkins wound, ensuring Jenkins maintains the oral medication until the end of the dosage, and maintain Jenkins general hygiene to ensure that she does not infect other people around her with MRSA. On the other hand, an occupational therapist majorly offers therapy services to patients with chronic musculoskeletal illness. In the case of Jenkins, an occupational therapist would be responsible for helping improve her performance of daily activities such as valued daily roles, social interaction and leisure activities (Wang et al 2018). According to Bogestam et al (2018), an occupational therapist would also assist Jenkins to adapt to life routine disruptions as a result of her wound and maintain her physiological balance as a result of her health and age condition. References Asakura, K, Azechi, T, Sasano, H, Matsui, H, Hanaki, H, Miyazaki, M, Takata, T, Sekine, M, Takaku, T, Ochiai, T, Komatsu, N, Shibayama, K, Katayama, Y, Yahara, K 2018, 'Rapid and easy detection of low-level resistance to vancomycin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry', Plos ONE, 13, 3, pp. 1-10, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Becker, K, van Alen, S, Idelevich, E, Schleimer, N, Seggewi, J, Mellmann, A, Kaspar, U, Peters, G 2018, 'Plasmid-Encoded Transferable mecB-Mediated Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus', Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24, 2, pp. 242-248, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Bogestam, K, Vondracek, M, Karlsson, M, Fang, H, Giske, C 2018, 'Introduction of a hydrolysis probe PCR assay for high-throughput screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with the ability to include or exclude detection of Staphylococcus argenteus', Plos ONE, 13, 2, pp. 1-14, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Blanco, N, Perencevich, E, Li, S, Morgan, D, Pineles, L, Johnson, J, Robinson, G, Anderson, D, Jacob, J, Maragakis, L, Harris, A, null, n 2017, 'Effect of meteorological factors and geographic location on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in the US', Plos ONE, 12, 5, pp. 1-13, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Carfora, V, Giacinti, G, Sagrafoli, D, Marri, N, Giangolini, G, Alba, P, Feltrin, F, Sorbara, L, Amoruso, R, Caprioli, A, Amatiste, S, Battisti, A 2016, 'Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in dairy sheep and in-contact humans: An intra-farm study', Journal Of Dairy Science, 99, 6, pp. 4251-4258, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Ghaznavi-Rad, E, Fard-Mousavi, N, Shahsavari, A, Japoni-Nejad, A, Van Belkum, A 2018, 'Distribution of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types among methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci in central Iran', Iranian Journal Of Microbiology, 10, 1, pp. 7-13, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Guimares, F, Manzi, M, Joaquim, S, Richini-Pereira, V, Langoni, H 2017, 'Short communication: Outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated mastitis in a closed dairy herd', Journal Of Dairy Science, 100, 1, pp. 726-730, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Hongo, M, Miyakoshi, N, Fujii, M, Kasukawa, Y, Ishikawa, Y, Kudo, D, Shimada, Y 2018, 'Pyogenic Spondylitis Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Tracheostomy followed by Resection of Ossification of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament', Case Reports In Orthopedics, pp. 1-5, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Heckel, M, Geidrfer, W, Herbst, F, Stiel, S, Ostgathe, C, Bogdan, C 2017, 'Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at a palliative care unit: A prospective single service analysis', Plos ONE, 12, 12, pp. 1-14, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Herrera, F, Garca-Lpez, M, Santos, J 2016, 'Short communication: Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk fresh cheese in Colombia', Journal Of Dairy Science, 99, 10, pp. 7872-7876, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Kuonza, L, Shuping, L, Perovic, O, Musekiwa, A, Iyaloo, S 2017, 'Hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A cross-sectional analysis of risk factors in South African tertiary public hospitals', Plos ONE, 12, 11, pp. 1-14, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Naidu, D, Quinones, J, Lutschg, K, Balaguru, D 2017, 'Healthy Adolescent with a Mycotic Aortic Aneurysm from Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus', Texas Heart Institute Journal, 44, 4, pp. 279-282, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Narayanaswamy, V, Giatpaiboon, S, Wiesmann, W, Baker, S, Townsend, S, Uhrig, J, Orwin, P 2018, 'In Vitro activity of novel glycopolymer against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus', Plos ONE, 13, 1, pp. 1-16, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Nori, Y, Matsuo, D, Hideharu, H, Hisao, Y, Norihisa, Y, Shoji, H, Yukihiro, A, Kazunori, T, Yoshioka, N, Deguchi, M, Hagiya, H, Yoshida, H, Yamamoto, N, Hashimoto, S, Akeda, Y, Tomono, K 2018, 'Available, Bed-sided, Comprehensive (ABC) score to a diagnosis of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: a derivation and validation study', BMC Infectious Diseases, 18, pp. 1-7, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J, 2009 World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety First Global Patient Safety Challenge Core Group of Experts The World Health Organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.;30(7):611622. Sato, T, Usui, M, Konishi, N, Kai, A, Matsui, H, Hanaki, H, Tamura, Y 2017, 'Closely related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail meat, cows with mastitis, and humans in Japan', Plos ONE, 12, 10, pp. 1-11, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Srensen, A, Toft, N, Boklund, A, Espinosa-Gongora, C, Grsbll, K, Larsen, J, Halasa, T 2017, 'A mechanistic model for spread of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) within a pig herd', Plos ONE, 12, 11, pp. 1-18, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Udo, E, Al-Sweih, N 2017, 'Dominance of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in a maternity hospital', Plos ONE, 12, 6, pp. 1-12, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018. Wang, H, Lee, T, Tseng, Y, Liu, T, Huang, K, Chang, Y, Chen, C, Lu, J 2018, 'A new scheme for strain typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the basis of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry by using machine learning approach', Plos ONE, 13, 3, pp. 1-16, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 April 2018.

White Guys who Prefer not to From Passive Resistance to Terrorist Acts

The concepts of consumerism, materialism and conformity factor heavily into the overall theme of the novel with the following phrase being an apt summary of such aspects: â€Å"then you’re trapped in your lovely nest, and the things you used to own; now they own you† (Schultz, 583-605).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"White Guys Who Prefer Not To: From Passive Resistance To Terrorist Acts† by Robert Schultz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What you have to understand is that Palahniuk portrays materialism and consumerism as adverse controlling influences within people’s lives in modern day society. This can be seen in the current pop culture obsession over getting the new iPhone 5, wearing branded clothes, having a particular hair style or driving a certain type of car. For Palahniuk, such aspects of behavior can be considered a form of irrational exuberance which is defined as: â€Å"the act of people basing their behavior on the actions of other people† (Schultz, 583-605). This can be seen in the thought process of the main character wherein his subsequent depression over the state of his life is actually based on a comparison between what he currently possesses and what society dictates he must possess (Schultz, 583-605). A similar way of thinking can be seen within many of the other members of the fight club, especially in the case of project mayhem, wherein their adverse and apathetic views towards society as a whole is in part influenced by their frustration over the need to conform to a materialistic consumerist oriented society. It is based on this that one way of interpreting this particular theme of the novel is to consider that, in an individual’s quest to conform to what is expected of them within society whether it is material gain or social status, they tend to lose the freedom to be who they want to be. This was exemplified in t he previous line taken from the novel revolving around the concept of â€Å"things owning you†. What you have to understand is that in the pursuit of social conformity people within the novel as well as in real life tend to take on more than they should. This comes in the form of excess credit card debt, home loans, car loans and all other forms of debt accumulated to conform to the expectations of society regarding the correlation between material possessions and having a place within society as a whole. Unfortunately, this way of thinking often results in people having to take on burdens to pay for things they do not need, in order to impress people they do not know or like and, as a result, they become stuck in a cycle wherein what they own defines who they are.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, this is what Palahniuk refers to as â€Å"things owning peo ple† since once something defines who you are it in effect owns you with the end result of you losing your freedom. It is due to this situation that the author creates a parallel theme involving the desire to be free from this state of irrational exuberance. This can be seen in the following phrase by the narrator when he describes Tyler Durden â€Å"Tyler is capable and free, and I am not (Schultz, 583-605)†. Such a statement, when coupled with the sheer amount of people that became members of the fight club, can be considered indicative of a deep seated desire to be free from the shackles of conformity within society with the only way of doing so is through a distinctly nonconformist type of behavior (Schultz, 583-605). Works Cited Schultz, Robert T. â€Å"White Guys Who Prefer Not To: From Passive Resistance (‘Bartleby’) To Terrorist Acts (Fight Club).† Journal Of Popular Culture 44.3 (2011): 583-605. Literary Reference Center. Web. This essay on â€Å"White Guys Who Prefer Not To: From Passive Resistance To Terrorist Acts† by Robert Schultz was written and submitted by user Millie Singleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cross cultural differentiation on hospitality and tourism management The WritePass Journal

Cross cultural differentiation on hospitality and tourism management Cross cultural differentiation on hospitality and tourism management Introduction: Marketing strategy of Beach House Maldives: Management style:Reputation Management:Cultural Diversity:Definition of culture and organization culture:National culture and Subculture:Theories of cultural issues:Cross cultural management employee performance and benefits:Problem Analysis:Recommendation or suggestion: Conclusion: Reference:Related Introduction: In a rapidly changing environment and continuing insights into organizational effectiveness, tourism industry, as most other organizations thought about that what they do and how they can create and accomplish their goals and objectives. Once goals are defined is culture that is necessary to advance these goals and objectives and ensure the successful implementation of the necessary changes. In addition, the organizational effectiveness literature has been increasingly emphasizing the importance of culture in motivating and maximizing the value of its intellectual assets, particularly its human capital.   And it can be say that-   (1) Culture is essential for both successful organizational change and maximizing the value of human capital (2) Culture management should become a critical management competency, and (3) While the right culture may be a necessary condition for organizational success, It is by no means a sufficient condition. An important challenge for managers is to determine what the most effective culture is for their organization and, when necessary, how to change the organizational culture effectively. The Beach House Maldives has joined Waldorf Astoria Hotels Resorts. The resort was renamed by the name of ‘The Beach House Maldives. The Beach House is located on the pristine, lagoon-ringed Haa Alifu Atoll which is fringed by powder-white beaches and has un spoilt leafy jungle at its centre, the 35-acre resort comprises 83 Maldivian-style villas, three restaurants, four bars and a luxurious spa. Each villa comes complete with a private pool and butler. In 2007, this independent branded hotel has built a solid reputation for world-class luxury and quality that epitomizes the Waldorf Astoria name. The Maldives remains one of the most sought-after luxury leisure destinations in the world and it has delighted to be able to offer its guests the unique experience of Waldorf Astoria Hotels Resorts on the beautifully private and breathtaking island of Manafaru. Since 2009,1st July Hilton Worldwide management team has been in situ at the resort which has overseen a number of key developments as part of the US$58 million renovation project and now the restaurant are becoming the first Waldorf Astoria property in Asia Pacific. Their restaurants and three bars have been redesigned to incorporate local heritage and ingredients with global influences. Including over-water fine-dining restaurant Saffron, a Tapas and Sangria bar with a Maldivian edge at the Mediterranean-themed Salt Water and martinis and cocktails inspired by Waldorf Astoria properties around the world that are experience offers a local twist. Source: www. maldives beachhouse.com. They also introduced a new art gallery with a cafà © serving traditional Maldivian High Tea and also offers 30 degrees private dining in a glass floored over water pavilion. The new spa programmers, upgraded villa and restaurant interiors from UK which are based on Aromatherapy Associates, Ayurvedic philosophies are also join in this place with developments to the Kids club, and new designer boutiques. The opportunity of this hotel has always tried to introduce their tradition and their history. That’s why; the     history of the Maldives will be on offer with excursions to the nearby island of Utheem which is famous for home to a Sultan’s Palace. The resort has also been improved with a direct 75minute seaplane transfer that they offered as an alternative to a domestic flight and boat transfer. The first ever property of the Waldorf Astoria in the Asia Pacific could be found nowhere but in the Maldives. In March, 2010, The Beach House Maldives was renamed The Beach House Maldives the collection of The Waldorf Astoria. The Beach House Maldives has affiliated with legendary Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts and in celebration to the newly upgraded resort‘s debut, guests from different parts of the world were invited to join its inauguration ceremony and became part in a chapter of the resort‘s exclusive history. Marketing strategy of Beach House Maldives: There is a marketing principle that states that a company cannot survive in the market without its clients. Therefore, the company always destined their significant resource to the design of innovative promotion strategies aimed at attracting new clients. The development of communication systems, especially the internet, has made it possible for products from millions of companies to reach all kinds of audiences in almost every corner of the world. Increasingly innovative and attractive web pages advertising countless products and services appear every day. A Hotel is a company and their guests are its main clients. High occupancy rates must be achieved to ensure success. Many hotels have developed unique products whose high quality standards have contributed to increasing retention and loyalty rates. Customized services offer the possibility of achieving high quality standards, generating positive overall satisfaction levels by turning the stay into a fulfilling experience in itself . All of us have been tourists in one way or another. After a pleasant experience, we have felt the need to share our trip with our family and friends. This is where one of the most important ways of promotion starts: word of mouth. Word of mouth continues to be, according to experts, the most decisive factor when it comes to choosing the destination and the place of stay. One of the main advantages of this kind of promotion lies in its low cost, as it is the guest who bears most of it: the time consumed and the interest in communicating his/her experience to a group of people who might be in turn motivated to go through it themselves. Another advantage is its high impact, as the level of credibility that a member of the family or friend has cannot be matched by any other promotion strategy, thus turning it into a powerful tool. The expectations of the new guest who chose the hotel on the basis of this kind of promotion shall be determined by the level of satisfaction experienced by the person who recommended the hotel the expectations of the new guest (real or imaginary) regarding the experience promoted. If, before the arrival of the new guest, the identity of the person who recommended the hotel is known, it is possible to determine, through the analysis of the guest’s profile, his/her level of experience and, particularly, the means by which it was attained, so that it can be reproduced or adapted to the new guest, thus ensuring the same level of service or even a better one. Therefore, the expectations of the new guest can be satisfied, turning him/her into another guest who will in turn attract more guests. There are several means by which hotel employees may obtain the identity of the guest who recommended the hotel by word of mouth: from direct questions on the on- line reservation form, polls-questionnaires or through the hotel butler while assisting the guests. This information is valuable for the hotel, as it primarily allows creating custom er valuation policies aimed at stimulating the guests’ need to share their experiences after the trip. If a guest checks out from a Hotel feeling that all his/her expectations have been met and even exceeded, he/she will become one of the company’s best allies, as his/her positive comments will attract new guests who are willing to go through the same experience themselves. Tactics and strategy which should have to be practice for managerial success in hospitality and hotel management across in a cross cultural diversify environment: Management style: In international business, culture is a critical factor in a global economy. In that case manager should need to engage in learning processes to develop international cultural competence. That’s why today’s manager has use behavioral approach. From the way managers design motivating job to work with employee teams to way they use open communication. In addition, the system approach on decision and actions taken in organizations and managers coordinate the work activities of the various part of the organization are working together so that the organization’s goal are achieved. Reputation Management:   Ã‚  Online reputation plays a huge role in the level of success achieve the majority of travelers. Today use   the internet to make travel plans, and say the reviews they read from other guests influence their buying decision Reputation management begins by   listening to what people are saying about online.   Ã‚  . Use tools like Google Alerts, Technocratic, and Radian 6 to track praise and criticism Monitor all important terms for example     hotel name, any old hotel names, restaurants, the names of manager and concierge. Review sites such as Trip Advisor, Yelp, and Qype allow management responses, and this is a good chance to participate in the conversation. A recent survey by Trip Advisor/Market Matrix found that 85% of hotels have no guidelines on how to handle negative guest reviews published online. Developing  Ã‚   response policy ahead of time, and make an effort to follow up with all feedback Complaints can be an excellent opportunity to improve hotel servi ce. If you get legitimate negative feedback,     thank the reviewer for pointing it out†¦ and explain the steps     taking to ensure it never happens again Trip Advisor: The most important thing a hotel can do to improve rankings is provide a great experience for their guests. Effective online reputation management   is more than just playing defense – it’s all about proactively building a positive buzz. Social media is a great way to begin doing this.(ISSUE HOSPITALITY MALDIVES 022 ISSUE 26). Email: Email may have taken a backseat role to social media hype, but it’s still a very powerful tool when used correctly. It is the cornerstone of permission-based relationship marketing. Email usually has higher psychological value than other types of online communication. Email is an effective branding tool for creating top-of-mind awareness Email drives action and profits Messages don’t always have to be sent to guests and customers. Build systems to nurture partner relationships. Fairmont Hotels sends nearly half of their newsletters for other business partners. You must create your lists organically with the explicit permission of your prospects. Always provide a strong benefit for the person signing up for your list. Receiving updates (marketing messages) alone isn’t usually a very strong offer. Exclusive discounts also preferred for attract the customer. Customs and cultural difference: Maldives is a place of very hospitable for visit. Here people are always take care to avoid religious offence. They are always concern about religion and culture, they learn about local rules and values even they also keep knowledge about some of language. In a word they are so much sensitive to cultural difference. Their patience, friendliness, and courtesy have won the respect and confidence to the customer. In this hotel, people come from different countries and they discover the beauty and harmony of the country because their staff and manager are always most welcoming. Entertainment: The Beach house of Maldives has its own restaurant, bar, water sport facilities, health club, and spa. The hotel also organizes the Maldives traditional folk music and dance. Environmental Responsibility: Global warming and increase the sea level pose are great threats for this island people. This hotel management always concern about this issue and that does why they play a role in National Environmental action plan for protect the nation’s coral reefs, marine life, and its land surface. Government policy: The Maldivian government has strict anti drugs policy. Alcohol is only permitted only one the resorts island and not in the other inhabited island. Food and Drink: Maldives beach house is offer spicy blend of Arabic, Indian, Sri Lanka, and oriental flavors with fish, mainly tuna a favorite dish. This resorts usually have international cuisine and their local dishes as a part of their buffets. Language and Religion: The Republic Maldives is a Islamic state and their language is Dhivehi. But English is also widely by the Maldivians to make easy for communicate with visitor. In this beach house staff speaks several other languages including French, German, Italian and Japanese.   Research OBJECTIVES: I propose to review  Ã‚   how managing diversity can create a competitive advantage, with a focus on human resources, marketing success, creativity and innovation, problem-solving quality and organizational flexibility. These six dimensions of business performance are directly impacted by management of cultural diversity. In this review the following goals and objectives are achieved- Critically evaluate theories of leadership and motivation. Critically evaluate theories relating to managing cultural diversity, how these theories apply to the chosen organisation and what can be import end/changed in the light of the theories. Cultural Diversity: Definition of culture and organization culture: There are verities of definitions of culture. According to Sathe(1984;68)†culture is asset of a important understandings that members of a community share in common.† Organizational culture refers to a pattern of beliefs, values, and learns with experience the course of a organization’s history and in behavior of its members. National culture and Subculture: National culture defines by that people from different countries may be influenced by cultural difference in their work environment. It is important to understand people’s different cultural backgrounds. Subculture can be identified as understandings, behaviors and culture forms that characterize as distinctive group within an organizations (Trice,1993;85). In tourism sector, the company motivates each subculture to develop its own cultural life to understanding other cultural grouping so that the subcultures are developed. Theories of cultural issues: Culture presents the biggest challenge to businesses working internationally shared by beliefs, norms and values. Culture influences management also including negotiation tactics, decision making, and rewards and recognition programs. According to Geert Hofstede, culture is more often a source of conflict than sof synergy. Cultural differences are nuisance at best and often a disaster. In that case, such dimensions do explain the behavior with respect to how cultural differtiation interact with this tourism business. Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions (source: Greet Hofstede cultural dimension website, greet-hofstede.com) Culture dimension   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Value Definition Power distanceIndividualism Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity/Femininity The degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the country’s society.Degree to which a society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationship. The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created institutions and beliefs for minimizing or avoiding those uncertainties. The degree to which â€Å"masculine† values like performance, success, and material things and â€Å"feminine† values like quality of life, caring, service, personal relationship. Maldives work values: The Individualism is low and collectivism is high in Maldives culture. Hofsted indicates that a positive relation between individualism and per capita GNP( Gross Nation Product). Individualism may be increase in Maldives. Uncertainty Avoidance, this dimension define when the workers are respective to different ideas and opinions or feel threats. This dimension is too clear in Maldives because they are traditionally been ruled by men rather than the rules. In Maldives the uncertainty Avoidance with strong desire to maintain social order. Masculinity/Feminists, this dimension describes how assertive and acquisitive worker were in a materialistic sense In Maldives. Hofsted studies had medium score for this dimension. For example, Maldives managers score high in masculinity. With high power distance countries like Maldives, managers should make autocratic decisions and they have business structures that are typified by close control of operations and fairly weak work ethic. However, the biggest problem of this organization is cultural awareness which may cause of problem. If service managers are unaware of core cultural expectations of customers it will result in a gap in performance of service. Role of Manager  in Beach House of Maldives: Managers are expected to provide instruction, guidance, advice and encouragement to help taem members to improve their performance. The managers in this beach house are always be alert about their duty and they know that their job is specially to guide the employees in order to fulfill their responsibilities and to adjust to the new cultural and physical environment. Managers are concern and respond that handling the uncertainties. They have also ability to checking quality of the product and transferring technical knowledge about product. Cross cultural management employee performance and benefits: Beach house Maldives usually involves service and dealings with consumers from different cultures. The organization has tended to keep a culture alive and measure the cultural fit between the organization and its employees. The human resource practices such as section, performance, training, and career development reinforce the organization’s culture. Beach House of Maldives beliefs also tend to influence the work norms, and communication practices.   This research indicates that cross culturally aware management provide their culturally diverse service. They are able to provide their serving styles to meet the needs of their foreign customers. To provide best service for customer they associated the following steps- Free training programmes for members Marketing and promotion and implementation of quality. Management should effort much on different cultural staff and train the staff to hospitalized the guest. Problem Analysis: What’s the suit ion being create if the tourism and hospitality related Hotel Company not familiar with a foreign culture? We know about that how   American mega-investor Kirk Kerkorian sued DaimlerChrysler for after their German chairman, Jà ¼rgen Schrempf had bragged in a Financial Times interview that the merger between the two companies are officially promoted as a ‘merger of equals’ was really no more than a takeover.   The case is still in court but a similar class-action suit by other investors has already been settled by the company for $300 million. Technically, the issue was a legal one but however, what got DaimlerChrysler into trouble was that Schrempf lacked the cultural sensitivity and experience to realize that in the US, they won’t get away with that of their two faced-behaviors.   The same act would expectably have much less dramatic consequences in his home country. Microsoft reported losing several millions of dollars in India, the Arab world, and in South America because of cultural mistakes in some versions of their Windows program.   Incorrect maps, poor translations that introduced offensive language, and other inappropriate material offended locals and in some cases led to government action.   The company had to recall the affected versions, replacing huge quantities of its software packages.   A spokesman admitted that some of our employees, however bright they may be, have only a hazy idea about the rest of the world.   As a consequence, Microsoft now sends their staff to dedicated training classes. A large high-tech corporation lost more than $10 million in development costs and missed market opportunities when they set up two of their international teams, one in Israel and one in Japan, to directly compete with each other in the same project, developing an important new product.   What the division’s manager was not aware of was that in many cultures, such an approach sends a message to the team that it is incompetent and cannot be trusted.   Rather than serving as a motivator as it might have in the U.S., the decision led to low morale, increased turnover, and poor results in both countries.   The project had to be stopped and re-initiated. Fortunately, most cross-cultural blunders are less severe, or at least less costly, then in these examples. Nevertheless, the list still goes on and on about how businesses waste money and miss opportunities because of a lack of international experience or preparation. What Goes Wrong There are three fundamental ways in which hospitality and tourism hotel business interactions and engagements fail or become more costly these are following in below- Failure to cross the culture gap: The interaction falls because the parties involved are unable to make a relation the culture gap between them.   Many negotiations end at this stage.  They asked always too much and expect to optimum service or keep a statement that never trusts others because they lived up their promises. These statements might be provides the end of such failed attempts.   Most of the time, these negotiations may be fall in the trace back to poor mutual understanding and faulty initial assumptions rather than bad intentions on either side. â€Å"Competition†:   The cross-cultural interaction limps along, but the parties involved fail to communicate effectively and to build sufficient trust between them.   As a result, the competitive element outweighs the cooperative one, introducing issues over contracts terms, intellectual property, budgets and payments, and so on.   This case is both more common and more devastating than the previous one.   Rather than adding value to a company’s global business strategy, such an engagement can become a major distraction from its key objectives and cause a lot of damage. Limited collaboration:   The parties have to involve with each other the ways of communicate and interact. However, they never fully trust each other.   In many foreign cultures, people will not make any major business commitments unless a strong business relationship has been established and they feel that the partner can be fully trusted.  In this beach house hotel may be more at ease here because its culture encourages a competitiveness that maintains an element of rivalry business partners are used to.   Dealing with foreign partners thus represents a bigger challenge if the goal is to achieve extensive collaboration. Recommendation or suggestion: Common Causes Six elements can be identified that make or break the success of a global business in tourism and hospitality sector.   All of them are ultimately linked back to people’s to understand the issue of cross culture. 1. Strategic Objectives Objective is the main power point for any company. However, many international business interactions suffer from poorly defined objectives.   Strategy, goals and approach all need to be set with the target in mind about culture. Culture’s values, strengths, and preferences can be a long term strategic objectives and tactics if it being realized that they are well aligned with others culture. 2.Approach Like any other running business, the properly planning approach has gain a success in cross-cultural interactions. Strategic objectives need to be translated into a plan of action that defines steps, timing, roles, and responsibilities.   That plan must also take into account the specific preferences and sensitivities of the targeted culture.   Ad-hoc approaches in foreign countries have a very limited chance of success. 3.Negotiation Negotiating in a different cultural context is one of the most difficult and toughest challenges in international business.   What is really effective and what is the most considered inappropriate varies greatly between countries.   At the time, the stakes are usually high and make any mistakes which approach costly. Finding someone best and most skilled negotiators won’t help much unless they are well-prepared.  If they lack a thorough understanding of the other culture, the company may be in for a business disaster. 4.   Leadership Once a cross-cultural engagement the leadership are more focused because behind this visionary leadership becomes pivotal.   Leaders will need to consistently demonstrate that they are serious about the situation and willing to work through the cultural differences. They have to take a strong commitment as well as they have to need the accurate skills to identify the sensitive areas and have to act appropriately to build and maintain trust. Executives or middle managers who maintain an â€Å"us-versus-them† attitude can cause huge damage.   Extensive communication both within the own camp and with the foreign side is also essential and requires constant leadership attention. 5.   Facilitation The importance of relationship and trust building triggers a need for proper facilitation throughout the engagement.   While early in the interactions senior leaders often drive the progress, they may have to become less involved once the engagement is under way.   At that point, it becomes essential that a facilitator be assigned who continues to build the relationship.   Sending an expatriate who lives in the foreign country can be very effective, but only if he or she is sensitive and well familiar with the specific culture.   Companies not paying attention to this aspect frequently find their employees inadvertently triggering confrontations that hurt the business relationship. 6. Team Preparation Well-defined strategy and good leadership are not enough to make global business interactions successful.  It also essential to get support and help from all team member because they are involved in business and they have taken a important part in hotel business sector. Without proper preparation for the engagement, cooperation will likely be poor and concerns may prevail.   The objective has to be to get both sides into the right mindset, opening up to the engagement as an opportunity rather than viewing it a threat.   Again, it will be very important to understand and address any cultural differences.   Aspects such as how to motivate a team can differ significantly and may dictate a new approach in a foreign culture. Organizational culture must now take into account: â™ ¦ The organization must be proactive, not just reactive. â™ ¦ The organization must influence and manage the environment, not just adapt. â™ ¦ The organization must be pragmatic, not idealistic. â™ ¦ The organization must be future-oriented, not predominantly present/past oriented. â™ ¦ The organization must embrace diversity, not uniformity. â™ ¦ The organization must be relationship-oriented, not just task-oriented. â™ ¦ The organization must embrace external connectivity, as well as promote internal integration. These fundamental assumptions are key to eliminating obstacles that will inhibit the kinds of internal and external organizational adaptations necessary for future success. They are not, however, sufficient. They must be reinforced by values, behavioral norms and patterns, artifacts and symbols, as well as accompanied by a particular mission, set of goals, and strategies. Conclusion: As Globalization accelerates business around the world, companies are realizing that proper preparation for international business is a mandatory step that has a strong positive impact on the bottom line.   Effective communication and trust building are the primary factors in making a foreign engagement successful.   They are influenced by several elements that take careful planning and orchestration.   While this requires significant efforts, it is critical to the business success, and the tradeoff between costs and benefits is clearly favorable. Hospitality and Tourism industry grows globally, as the managers are exposed to more and more cross cultural dealings, as the workforce become more and more diverse, then the cultural values increase, as the customer become more knowledgeable about the environment around them, it all generates challenges for the managers. So managers should recognized and acted upon for the success of business. Reference: Alan M. Rugman and Richard M. Hodgetts,(2003). International Business.3rd ed. Pearson education ltd. Calori, R Sarnin, P.(1991). Corporate   Culture and Economic performance: A French study, Oganization Studies,12(1);49-74. Chatman, J. A. Jehn,   K. A.(1994). Assessing the Relationship between Industry   Characteristics and Organizational Culture: How Different Can You Be? The Journal of Management,37:522-553. Deal, T.E Kennedy, A.A.(1982). Corporate Cultures. Menlo Park: Addition Wesley publishing Co. Geof Lancaster and Lan Waddelow,(1998). Strategic Marketing Planning. Journal of Marketing management.14.853-878 Hamel, G and C.K Prahalad,(1994). C ompeting for Future Boston: Harvard business school press. Schien, E. H.(1992). Organaizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd Edition. San Francisco; Jossey-Bass. Stephen P. Robbins/ Mary Coulter.(2004-2005). Management.8th edition. Pearson Education LTD. WWW. Maldives beach house.com. [/level-freee-rstricted]

Debate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate - Assignment Example According to Nelson et al (2011), all children, irrespective of their learning or physical abilities require training on how to become resilient people. Resilience is a crucial part of life that all children need to acquire to enable them deal positively with any form of adversity and hardships in life. Positive discipline is an essential aspect that parents can use to teach children to develop positive qualities in life. If parents deny children with disabilities rates of discipline that can help them develop these qualities, they will be denying them something valuable. It will be rational for parents and teachers to discipline children with special needs in the same they do typically developing children (Bowers, & Pickhardt, 2011). According to martin (2004), it is a wise thing for parents and teachers to maintain the same levels of discipline to all children. This author argues that keeping a consistency in discipline for all children will promote a healthy environment, for them to grow up. It is reasonable for parents and teachers to have inclusive systems for typically growing children and those with special needs. Such inclusion will ensure a balanced attitude among children. Disciplining them differently will promote the development of attitudes that are likely to lead to discrimination. Excluding children with special needs from punishment has the potential to prompt the typically developing children to portray a negative attitude to those excluded. As the Virginia department of education (2010) noted, discipline is a very crucial aspect for children with special needs. The article highlights the fact that even children with special needs are subject to the development of codes of behavior that have negative effects to society just like their typically developing counter parts. Therefore, it is essential for parents and teachers to have this awareness and take preventive measures. Excluding children with special needs from

The United States Move to IFRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The United States Move to IFRS - Essay Example One positive aspect of the IFRS is it allows the management of companies to have more desertion when it comes to asset valuation, which in turn can increase company income. In fact European companies, who made the switch from the GAAP to the IFRS in 2002, reported that eighty two percent of their companies had higher income under the IFRS than under the GAAP (Briginshaw, 2008). Due to this fact most would assume that investors would be for the switch, there are some other aspects to consider, however. One aspect is that the reports of higher incomes of these European companies came from the same year. So the companies actually had the same profits and expenditures, yet the IFRS reported a higher income yield than that of the GAAP which leaves some investors wondering how accurate the IFRS reports really are. This means that a dollar profit calculated under the IFRS will hold less meaning that one calculated under the GAAP so investors will have to change there way of thinking as far as profits are concerned. Also because the IFRS reports are not quiet as current as the GAAP are they will show less association between reported earnings and stock prices. Overall this means that investors are going to have to relearn and rethink how they read the reports they are given. This knowledge will in turn, however, give them more expertise in investing in companies outside the U.S. Multinational Companies For multinational companies who have long been dealing with converging the two sets of standards, this is a long awaited change. The switch to IFRS will allow them to coordinate all of their accounting systems under one set of guidelines whether the branch is located in the U.S. or another country. This will also be of use... The United States’ Move to IFRS The United States’ Move to IFRS The world of accounting seems to be on the precipice of undergoing a dramatic change in the United States. For more than seventy years the United States accounting system has relied on a set of generally accepted accounting principles known as the GAAP. These principles set out by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), guide accountants in preparing, presenting, and reporting financial statements for various entities, including: publicly-traded and privately-held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. They are implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The globalization of business and finance has led to over twelve thousand companies in more than one hundred nations to adopt an internationally recognized set of accounting principles known as the International Financial Reporting System (IFRS) (â€Å"International Financial Reporting,† 2010). With many of the United States’ companies expan ding overseas, and foreign corporations now purchasing companies in the United States, there has been a huge push for the United States to forgo there use of the GAAP and adopt the new IFRS standards. So on August 27, 2008 the SEC set out a road map for all U.S. companies to adopt the IFRS by 2014 and some of the large companies started adopting them as early as 2009. If the SEC calls for a higher standard in the IFRS before and while adapting it, then it seems to be a win for all countries and companies involved.

Four things you should do before you join the real world Essay

Four things you should do before you join the real world - Essay Example This step refers to talking to other people, listening what they have to say, and then repeating the process. Specifically, this is referring to the importance of continually investigating the types of professions other people are involve in and being inquisitive about discovering information. I performed this step by discussing career prospects with my classmates. In this way I asked where they work, where they plan on working, and if they have participated in any specific forms of internships. Through performing this step I learned a significant amount about the career goals of the people around me, as well as their strategies for pursuing these goals. Additionally I came to discover that a career fair would be held in my area of professional interest. The next step was being able to introduce myself. I recognize this did not merely entail saying hello to someone. Instead it requires me to introduce myself in a way that gives a strong impression and aids me in my quest for a job. For a period I considered what would make a good impression and then practiced these skills with classmates. Specifically I worked on maintaining eye contact and presenting a confident disposition. The next step was to network with my neighbors. While I regularly talk with my neighbors and classmates I have not always made a concerted effort to ‘network’ with them. With my increased focus on networking, however, I set about changing this. In these regards I made an effort to add all of my neighbors to my Facebook page. Additionally I started a LinkedIn page and added my neighbors. I came to recognize the importance of developing a professional presence through these networking efforts; subsequently I changed my Facebook profile and worked to find more professional pictures. The final step I participated in was to ‘make the most of informal interviews’. I got a good chance to practice this skill at the career fair for my major. During this

The Social Model Of Disability Health And Social Care Essay

The Social Model Of Disability Health And Social Care Essay In this essay I will be looking at models of disability, focusing mainly on the social model of disability and drawing upon the academic writing of disabled people and others as well as looking at a case study of David; a fifty five year old male who was admitted to hospital six months ago from having being diagnosed with a mild stroke. I will then go on to discuss the social models relevance to the practice of therapists. Disability is a major issue faced by our society. An attempt to describe the term disability can be very challenging. At present, there is no legal definition of disability as described in the social model of disability. Under the Equality Act, (2010) a disabled person is described as someone with a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. This also covers people with progressive conditions such as HIV, cancer or Multiple Sclerosis, and those with hidden disabilities like dyslexia. There are two main models of disability, the medical model and the social model. The medical model of disability, sees disabled peoples inability to join in society as a direct result of having an impairment and not as the result of features of our society which can be changed (Swain, French, and Cameron, 2003).The World Health Organisation (1980) categorises disability into three main groups; Impairment, Disability and Handicap. They state impairment is different to disability, from this it is easy to see how people with disabilities might become stigmatised as lacking or abnormal. The medical model of disability, assumes that the first step solution is to find a cure or, using the World Health Organisation Classification (1980) to make disabled people more normal (cited in Reynolds,2005). When policy makers think about disability in this individual way they tend to focus on compensating people with impairments, for example, targeting specific benefits such as the Disability Living Allowance (1992) for those individuals and providing segregated special services for them. This model of disability has been criticised as it does not offer a realistic perspective from the viewpoint of disabled people themselves, disabled people can be led to believe that their impairments automatically prevent them from participating in social activities. This view was rejected by disabled people who then advocated a different way of looking at disability (Oliver, 1983). In 1983 lecturer Mike Oliver, proposed the social model of disability. He adapted the model from the Fundamental Principles of Disability published by the Union of Physically Impaired Against Segregation (1975), where an impairment is defined as lacking all or part of a limb, or having a defective limb, organ or mechanism of the body and disability as the disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by contemporary social organisation which takes no or little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities.(Swain and Cameron,1999, p.69). Central to this model is the belief that individuals with disabilities have a right to access, belong to, contribute to, and to be valued in society. The social model focuses on the strengths, abilities, and experiences of people with disabilities. Supporting individuals with disabilities in this model does not mean helping them to become normal, but instead focuses on tackling the social or physical barriers the individual faces in daily living (Oliver, 1983). In contrast to other models of disability, the social model is based on knowledge of the experiences, views, and practices of people with disabilities. The model understands individuals with disabilities as experts on their own lives and as experts on disability; it does not necessarily see difference as problematic or necessarily negative. Oliver (2004) goes on to argue that people with disabilities have faced prejudice and discrimination, therefore those who support this model believe that attention should be focused on restructuring society, not treating the individual. The social model views disability as a consequence of structural, environmental and attitudinal barriers that prevent people with a disability or impairment from maximum participation in society (Oliver, 2004, cited In Swain, French, Barnes and Thomas, 2004). For example, short-sighted people living in the United Kingdom are not classified as disabled. Eye-tests and visual aids, which are available means that this impairment does not prevent them participating fully in life. If, however, they live in a third world country where such eye care is not available they are severely disabled. The inability to read, subsequently learn, and gather information would be considered as a severe impairment in any society. If we apply the social model to the case study of David: Adapting to life after stroke, we are able to identify hidden attitudinal barriers that may exist in support of the social model, in the way society may view individuals with disabilities as being dependant and an inability to function fully due to their impairment. An example of this is when David states sometimes in shops, if I struggle to find the right money or to put away change, I feel really patronised, he may also experience these as hidden barriers from family members, this is indicated when David states At times I think they get annoyed with me being slower than before. In addition to these barriers, David may also encounter structural barriers; this may prevent him from being able to continue drive after his stroke due to legislations in place whereby you are not allowed to drive for one month following the event. This is a legal requirement even if your symptoms have fully resolved. The Driving Vehicles Licensing Authority would need to be contacted if one month after the stroke you are still suffering from weakness of the arm or legs, visual disturbance, or problems with co-ordination, memory or understanding. (Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority, 2011). Other structural barriers in insurance policies mean David may also have to pay more for his car insurance due to suffering a stroke, this can be viewed as society penalising him for having a disability. Environmental barriers may also exist which prevent David using public transport to get to work. Oliver (1990) argues that the removal of these structural, environmental and attitudinal barriers will improve the lives of disabled people, giving them the same opportunities as others. For example in the case study, David was able to return to his job as a Health and Safety Advisor on a part time basis under the Employers and the Equality Act (2010) employers are required to make reasonable adjustments to their policies or practices. By making adjustments, employers are removing the barriers that disable according to the social model, they are effectively removing the disability. The strength of this model lies in its placing the responsibility upon society and not the individual. At the same time, it focuses on the needs of the individual whereas the medical model uses diagnoses to produce categories of disability, and assumes that people with the same impairment have identical needs and abilities. It also offers positive solutions that have been proven in the United Kingdom (Reynolds, 2005). The social model however has limitations. Firstly, Crow (1992) criticises the model for its failure to emphasize certain aspects of disability such as the pain of impairment, both physical and psychological. In other words, the struggle may be over for disabled people in terms of obtaining human rights but the personal struggle of just getting out of bed in the morning remains. This struggle means that no matter how accommodating society is for disabled people, disabled people will always be disabled people. Morris (1991, p.10) then goes on to argue While environmental barriers and social attitudes are a crucial part of our experience of disability and do indeed disable us to suggest that this is all there is, is to deny the personal experience of physical and intellectual restrictions, of illness of the fear of dying. Further criticisms made of the social model, is its failure to take into account that as the population gets older the numbers of people with impairments will rise and making it harder for society to adjust. Lastly, the models concepts can be difficult to understand, particularly by professionals in rehabilitation. These professionals have to be persuaded that their role must change from that of cure or care to a less obtrusive one of helping disabled people take control of their own lives (Morris,2004). If we look at the relevance of the social model in the practice of therapists; Occupational therapists and Physiotherapists working with people with disabilities would be able to align themselves to the model, by identifying barriers that may exist for the client and implement interventions to overcome these disabling barriers and promote social integration. Assessments based on the social model of disability do not ask What is wrong with this person? but instead ask What is wrong for this person? At the core of an assessment based on the social model of disability. (Morris, 2004, p.24). In the case study of David, he identifies fatigue and mobility as key areas he wishes to address with the help of therapists. A therapist may assess the client in their own environment whether that is in their home or work and then suggest adaptations such walking aids or assistive aids to help enable the client to carry out occupations while removing barriers in order to live a more independent life. In the case of Speech and Language Therapists they may work towards bringing about changes in the individuals environment in order to maximise the opportunities for communication. This might, for example, involve teaching carers how to adjust their language to suit the clients level of understanding, or use gesture in addition to verbal communication when conveying their message (Coles, 2001). The social model of disability is a key mechanism for ensuring that Social Care services and resources work in partnership with people who need support. Assessments should identify the barriers, external to the individual, which are getting in the way of human rights. The planning and delivery of services should be focused on tackling these disabling barriers. All of this opens up exciting possibilities of using public resources in ways, which really make a difference to peoples lives (Morris, 2005). To conclude, models of disability are tools for defining impairment and disability, and ultimately for providing a basis upon which government and society can devise strategies for meeting the needs of disabled people. They are a useful framework in which to gain an understanding of disability issues, and of the perspective held by those creating and applying the models. Previous models of disability were essentially devised by people about other people, however the social model of disability provides an alternative perspective from those who experience disability. The social model proposed by Oliver (1990) has played a key part in promoting ways of overcoming disabling barriers for disabled people and a move forward to empower those individuals to be apart society.One of the major criticisms that have made of the social model is its detachment with having to deal with of impairment and its experiences. It is important to acknowledge that therapists play an important role in overcoming disabling barriers and adopting a holistic approach to enable individuals to carry out everyday meaningful activities as well promoting social inclusion, through adaptations to their environment. Models of disability provide us with a continuum on changing social attitudes to disability and where they are at a given time. Models change as society changes; therefore, we should develop and implement various models, which will empower people with disabilities, giving them full and equal rights as others within their society. References Coles, J. (2001) The Social Model of Disability: what does it mean for practice in services for people with learning difficulties? Disability and Society, 16(4), pp. 501-510. Crow, L. (1992). Renewing the Social Model of Disability. Coalition pp.5-9. HM Government (2011) Directgov: Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (2011) Available at: http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Motoring/DriverLicensing/MedicalRulesForDrivers/MedicalA-Z/DG_185787 [Accessed on 10 November 2011]. HM Government (2011) Directgov: Employers and the Equality Act (2010) Available at: (http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/DisabledPeople/Employmentsupport/YourEmploymentRights/DG_4001071) [Accessed: 5 November 2011]. HM Government (2011) Directgov: Disability Living Allowance (1992) Available at: http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/Disabledpeople/DG_10018702 [Accessed on 10 November 2011]. HM Government (2011) Directgov: Equality Act (2010) Available at: http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/DisabledPeople/RightsAndObligations/DisabilityRights/DG_4001068 [Accessed: 5 November 2011]. Morris, J.1991: Pride Against Prejudice-Personal Politics of Disability, London: The Womens Press. Morris, J. (2004) Social Model Assessment Team Pilot Project Essex Social Services: Report of Evaluation. p24 [PDF online]. Available at: www.leeds.ac.uk [Accessed: 5 November 2011]. Oliver M (1983) Social Work with Disabled People. Basingstoke, Macmillan. Oliver, M. (1990) The individual and social models of disability. Available at: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disabilitystudies/archiveuk/Oliver/in%20soc%20dis.pdf 4 [Accessed: 5 November 2011]. Oliver, M. (2004) If I had a hammer: The Social Model in action. In Swain, J., French, S., Barnes, C. and Thomas, C. (eds) (2004) Disabling barriers enabling environments. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, SAGE Publications. Reynolds, F. (2005) Communication and clinical effectiveness in rehabilitation. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Swain, J. and Cameron, C. (1999) Unless otherwise stated: Discourses of labelling and identity in coming out. In Corker, M. and French, S. (eds) Disability Discourse. Buckingham: Open University Press. Swain, J., French, S. and Cameron, C. (eds) (2003) Controversial issues in a disabling society, London: Sage in Association with the Open University. Section B : word count 879 Juvenile Chronic Arthritis (JCA) is a condition, which causes pain and inflammation of the joints and bones. The main symptoms include pain, stiffness, restricted movements of the joints, swelling, and warmth and redness of the skin over the joint. About 12,000 children in the UK under the age of 16 have a form of Arthritis.(Arthritis care, 2011). The purpose of this leaflet is to provide information on support services available and coping strategies for Helen, a fourteen-year-old female who suffers from JCA. The leaflet focuses on three main support services which address the identified needs of Helen.The case study of Helen highlights swimming as a meaningful leisure activity, so one of the programmes offered in the leaflet is an Arthritis foundation aquatic programme, there is evidence based research to suggest swimming can help to ease stiffness, improve movement in joints, and strengthen muscles. The program incorporates the buoyancy of water and the soothing warmth of a heated pool to make a safe and ideal environment for relieving pain and stiffness (Arthritis, 2011). Other Programmes aimed at Helen and her family focus on teaching knowledge and skills to better manage JCA and providing the opportunity to meet others who share similar experiences. This acknowledges the need for support for the whole family, which is strength of the leaflet however a limitation is the lack of in depth information provided. The use of a case study of a teenager with JCA, is an effective way of providing reassurance and encouraging Helen to remain positive. Coping strategies are also included as a way of offering practical advice on how to manage JCA on a daily basis, and takes into account if reader is not ready join they can still take away some useful tips. An important factor in whether health information will appeal to this target audience is design (Houts et al 2006). According to Hoffman and Worrall (2004), a health education leaflet should be patient centred and designed with the principles of good health education material design in mind, including layout of both illustration and text. Often leaflets in clinical areas are ignored; however leaflets with pictures draw the attention of patients and encourage attention to the information contained within and as the leaflet selected is vibrant and colourful it catches the eye. There is a blue background for the leaflet, on which the text is placed on; this makes the black of the main body of the text stand out as well as the use of suitable images Helen can relate too. In terms of content of information, written material should contain accurate content and be written in a simple manner which can be understood easily. The front cover of a leaflet is particularly important as it is the main device used to initially attract the target audience (NHS,2003).To attract Helen to the leaflet an image of a group of teenagers is used for the cover as she would be able to identify more with as most leaflets on Arthritis have images of older people and can be off putting for a teenager. A logo is also used so it is clear to the reader who is responsible for producing the leaflets and if she wants to seek additional information then the logo will help her to remember the organisation. The heading If you are a teenager with Juvenile Chronic Arthritis, you are not alone is clear and written in a large front so it immediately addresses the target audience and provides reassurance. Bearing in mind that an average person will only look at a leaflet for a few minutes, this is very important as the information and the purpose of the leaflet comes across clearly and immediately on the front cover which is one of the main strengths of the leaflet. However, the contact details on the back of the leaflet with extra support services is not clear enough to the reader in regards to whom to contact if interested in joining the programme. The language used throughout the leaflet is simple in order to appeal to young teens, but a Flesch test has not been carried out to indicate this, as Standard texts should have an FK Grade level of about 7-8 which is similar to a reading age of 13-14 years, therefore suitable for the target audience. (Frances, 2005) NHS Toolkit for producing patient information (2003) recommends using a 14 point or larger for those with sight difficulties, therefore an Ariel 14 point sized font has been used in the main body of the text so that the leaflet is both clear and easy to read and a more bolder style of font is used for subheadings inside so it is more eye-catching. This takes into account the reader who has JCA may have deterioration in sight as one of the symptoms of their condition. To conclude, the overall content and presentation of the leaflet successfully addresses the needs of Helen, focusing on providing information on support services. The leaflet has been designed so it is not overly cluttered but provides basic information by including a case study, coping strategies and facts that may encourage her to join. However, Improvements can be made in the design layout and incorporating more depth of information.